Several test methods have been developed to determine slow crack growth scg resistance of modern polyethylene pe pipe materials. Fracture mechanics and fatigue crack growth fatigue is the nucleation and slow growth of cracks under cyclic loading conditions. When comparing test on notched bars pent with tests on notched pipes notch pipe test the failure time for the pipes were always longer than for the pent. The highdensity polyethylene hdpe pipes were prepared using a selfmade electromagnetic dynamic plasticating extruder, which applied a vibration force field to the entire plasticating and extrusion process by the axial vibration of the screw. Characterization of slow crack growth resistance of. The slow crack growth scg in high density polyethylene hdpe is a phenomenon dominated by crazing. Slow crack growth how is slow crack growth abbreviated. The effect of microstructure on the slow crack growth. Slow crack growth scg resistance is the main property that must be controlled for assessing the longterm performance on polyethylene resins used for pipe. Pdf characterization of slow crack growth resistance of.
Lamborn chevron phillips chemical company, lp building 94g, technology center bartlesville, ok 74004 background polyethylene pipes are used extensively for the transportation and distribution of natural gas. Chapter 5 standard specifications, standad test methods. Slow crack growth resistance of electrically conductive. Grainboundary engineering for aging and slowcrackgrowth. Use of slow strain rate tensile testing to assess the. The results have also been compared with results of the range of other slow crack growth tests mentioned above. Technical report by polymer engineering and science. A plot of energy release rate versus crack extension for a particular loading configuration is called the driving force curve. Resistance of slow crack growth is considered when the applied stress on a specimen product is much lower than the yield stress and in the presence of bulk inhomogeneities scratches, pigments, catalyst residues. Fatigue crack growth tests were performed at nasa grc in general accordance with astm e64708. Environmental stress crack resistance of polyethylene. This test method may be applicable for other materials. The slow crack growth behavior of the reference zro 2 and the four composites is compared in fig.
The effect of cooling mode on slow crack growth resistance. Slow crack growth resistance of modern pau12 grades measured by cyclic cracked round bar tests and strain hardening tests. Study on slow crack growth resistance of highdensity. Slow crackgrowth behavior of alumina ceramics journal.
The first number signifies density 3 and 4 are both high density, the second number 7 is resistance to slow crack growth, and the last two numbers 10 relate to the pipes pressure rating. Since the last decade polyamide 12 pa12 has been successfully introduced as material for sdr 11 gas piping systems up to 18 bar, representing itself as an. Slow crack growth resistance is a valuable characteristic, which provides long lasting performance under longterm stress. Slow crack growthnotchespressurized polyethylene pipes. How escr or resistance to slow crack growth is measured. N2 the resistance to crack growth in mortar, concrete and fiber reinforced concrete was studied by testing double torsion and double cantilever specimens. The addition of ticn, tin, wc and nbc nonoxide phases not only shifted the curves to higher k i values but also.
Characterization of crack initiation and slow crack growth resistance of pe 100 and pe 100 rc pipe grades with cyclic cracked round bar crb tests conference paper pdf available september. The main parameters which affect the resistance to slow crack growth are crystallinity, molecular weight and its distribution, comonomer type, tie molecules and 17,32. Astm f1473 18 standard test method for notch tensile. Pdf determination of the slow crack growth resistance of. Characteristics of a high quality pe gas pipe anew hdpe grade which resists slow crack propagation in pipes, and a new method of testing. Slow crack growth resistance another benefit of jm eagles uac 2000 mdpe yellow gas pipe is its high slow crack growth resistance.
Hdpe offers excellent resistance to slow crack growth propagation in highpressure pipe applications and can therefore be used with advanced trenchless pipe installation technologies such as relining, horizontal directional drilling and guided boring. The resistance to slow crack growth examined by the pennsylvania edge. These fractures are characterized by the stable growth of a crack with little deformation in the plastic material. This could shed light on the mechanism of fatigue crack growth and might have applications where extreme fatigue crack growth resistance is called for. The test is applicable to samples taken from compression moulded sheet or extruded pipes and injection moulded fittings of suitable thickness. In this work, the crazing was analyzed from a microstructural point of view. Slow crack growth resistance in resin blends of chromium. Pent pennsylvania edge notched tensile test was chosen to study the evolution of the craze with time for different resins from pe. It is a concern for the regulators how the increased stress intensity affects the long term performance of the scratched pipe against slow crack growth scg failure. Influence of the molecular structure on slow crack growth.
Ceramic materials are prone to slow crack growth, resulting in strength degradation over time. Similar to the monolithic zirconia ceramic, the vk i diagrams of the composite materials had three regions with a fast fracture region iii and slow crack growth region i and ii. Save in handling costs jm eagles uac 2000 mdpe yellow gas pipes are light. Astm f26 18 standard test method for notched, constant. Highdensity polyethylene hdpe pipes have been widely used as gas or water transport pipes owing to their comprehensive advantages. For a basic introduction to the jintegral see section 11. The longest slow crack growth failure time was more than 56 times longer than the shortest one. In the conventional extrusion process, the molecular chains in the plastic pipes are oriented along the axial direction, which are disadvantageous to their resistance to scg. Iso 4801997, polyethylene pipes resistance to slow crack. The effects of molecular and morphological structure on the slow crack growth scg resistance were evaluated, the molecular weight and lamellar thickness. Slow crack growth resistance another benefit of jm eagles hdpe pipe is its high slow crack growth resistance. The scg resistance depends on the resin material, stress intensity and testing temperature. The slow crack growth resistance is one of the key factors to improve the service life of the plastic pipes. Slow crack growth scg remains the most common failure mode in longterm.
Determination of the slow crack growth resistance of pa12 pipe grades. Slow crack growthrapid crack propagation nsf international. Slow crack growthnotchespressurized polyethylene pipes abstract a general method for predicting the life time of a polyethylene structure that fails by slow crack growth was applied to the case of externally notched pressurized pipes. Test condition a 48 50 b 24 50 c 192 20 c 600 20 specify b. Allroundline for individual testing requirements and all applications the optimum solution for demanding testing applications, whether in quality control or for research projects.
If the crack tip plastic zone size is estimated to be on the order of the structural thickness but substantially smaller than other geometrical variables crack length, ligament size, height, etc. One of the principal failure modes determining pipe service lifetime is slow crack growth scg with the crack occurring first at the inner surface due to the slow cooling rate of the pipes inner wall during polyethylene pe pipe extrusion. The strain hardening test is a very attractive method to assess and rank the resistance to slow crack growth in a short testing time and at low cost. No extensometer was attached to the specimens for strain measurements in the tensile tests, to avoid contacting the exposed surfaces. Although yttriastabilized zirconia ytzp ceramics have higher crack resistance than other dental ceramics, their aging susceptibility threatens their longterm performance in aqueous environments such as. The majority of field failures in piping are attributable to slow crack growth scg fractures. Fracture mechanics is the field of mechanics concerned with the study of the propagation of cracks in materials. The 10 in pe4710 is 25% greater than the 08 in pe3408 which is why the pressure. An increase of the grain size leads to enhanced crack resistance, which is indicated by a shift of the vk i crack velocity versus applied stress. Slow crack growth resistance of modern pau12 grades measured. Slow crack growth an overview sciencedirect topics. Bimodal technology results in superior resistance to slow crack growth scg and rapid crack propagation rcp. In terms of the cyclic crb test, the mechanisms of generally described by methods based of linear elastic fracture mechanics lefm.
Compositional variations and fabrication techniques showed no significant effect. Strength is reduced by creep and creep rupture at still higher temperatures. The fullnotch creep test fnct as per iso 16770 is a recognised test method for determining resistance to slow crack growth in polyethylene. The development of pipe grades requires the careful balance of several mechanical properties, of which two of the most important are the resistance to slow crack. Iso 4801997, polyethylene pipes resistance to slow crack growth cone test method. This barcode number lets you verify that youre getting exactly the right version or edition of a book.
Increased chemical and environmental crack resistance. An analysis of experimental data indicated that the residual stress must be taken into account. Difficulties in estimating crack tip plasticity under largescale yielding conditions, led wilhem 1974 to an alternate failure criterion based on the jintegral rice, 1968. Nsf can test polyethylene, polypropylene and polybutylene piping for slow crack growth and a variety of pipe diameters for rapid crack propagation. The resistance to fatigue crack growth of the platinum. Slow crack growth scg is one failure principal mode in polyethylene pe pressure pipe applications. Highdensity polyethylene pipe with high resistance to. However, further increase in temperatures may result in flaw rounding, which increases strength to a maximum. Strain hardening modulus as a measure of environmental.
Determination of resistance to slow crack growth scg of. Residual strength afgrow air force growth fracture. It uses methods of analytical solid mechanics to calculate the driving force on a crack and those of experimental solid mechanics to characterize the materials resistance to fracture in modern materials science, fracture mechanics is an important tool used to improve the. Limits on the slow crack growth resistance evaluation for the. Pdf determination of the slow crack growth resistance of pa12. The most widely used and oldest scg test is the bent strip escr test. The crack growth resistance curve k r has shown good promise for materials where limited smallscale yielding occurs in front of the crack tip. This test method is intended to apply only to hdpe of a limited melt index 0. Conference paper pdf available september 2018 with 334. Engineering and manufacturing science and technology, general copolymers mechanical properties cracking materials control fracture mechanics evaluation metallocenes pipe. Iso 479 specifies a test method for determination of resistance to slow crack growth scg of polyolefin pipes, applicable to pipes of wall thickness greater than 5 mm. For the sht a new iso standard has become available.
As materials have improved over the years, the term slow crack growth scg resistance has been used to identify all the various escr test methods described below. Resistanceheating furnace elements were used to heat all specimens. The nature of the applied driving force curve relative to the materials rcurve determines the stability. Determination of resistance to slow crack growth scg of notched pipes iso 479.
Increased chemical and environmental crack resistance with silane pex demonstrates better escr and better slow crack growth resistance in general, as the molecular weight of polyethylene increases, the environmental stress cracking resistance escr is improved. During creep loading of in792, grain boundary morphology in conjunction with grain size strongly affected crack propagation. Scg testing involves accelerating the growth mechanism and can be done through elevated temperature, concentrated stress, constrained geometry, surfactants or some. The effect of microstructure on the slow crack growth resistance in. One of the pexgrades and the pb pipe grade showed very good slow crack growth resistance.
A plot of crack growth resistance versus crack extension is called a crack growth resistance curve, or rcurve. Crackpropagation tests conducted in air, water, and silicon oil, for crack velocities from 10. Slow crack resistance in polyethylene has been reported extensively in the literature 19,19. Four notches are introduced on a minimum of three pipes. Dependence of slow crack growth resistance on pipe sizes.
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