Basic of comparison for the specific gravity of fats, oils. Feed grade fats are often stabilized blends of animal and vegetable fats. Standard test method for specific gravity of oils and liquid fats. Fats are solid at room temperature and contain saturated long chain fatty acids 6. Physical and chemical characteristics of oils, fats, and waxes 3rd edition firestone, david this book gives the professional systems engineer the tools to set up a proper and effective analysis of the resources, schedules and parts needed to successfully undertake and. The traded quality of oils and fats is determined primarily by the level of free fatty acids present. An increment in the amount of ffa in a sample of oil or fat indicates hydrolysis of.
The importance of oils and fats for human nutrition, the animal feed produced from the processing of most oil plants and the economic importance of oils and fats, i. Manual on oils and fats food safety and standards authority. Physical properties of oils and mixtures of oils springerlink. When you put it in your mouth it melts on your tongue. Specific gravity of diesel fuel oil is a comparison of its density with that of pure water. More information is available for palm oil than for the other two. The specific gravity of oils and fats, which are all lighter than water, except some of the tar oils, is handily ascertained by means of the baume hydrometer, constructed for the weighing of liquids lighter than water. Specific gravity and antibacterial as says of synthetic essen tial oils of the 20 sieo samples, only onesample presente d strong activity on both microo rganisms, while two and three samples show ed. Emulsification 22 the specific gravity of oils and fats is about 0. Standard methods for the analysis of oils, fats and. Since acid value is an indication of the extent of hydrolysis and deterioration, oils with low acid value are sought after. Specific gravity of common liquids and fluids like alcohol, oils, benzene, water and many more sponsored links specific gravity of a liquid is the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water at 4 o c.
Determination of physicochemical constants of fats and oils. Physically, oils are liquid at room temperature, and fats are solid. Book on edible oils and fats with special reference to. Specific gravity for liquids is nearly always measured with respect to water at its densest at 4 c or 39. Relative density, or specific gravity, is the ratio of the density mass of a unit volume of a substance to the density of a given reference material. Liquids specific gravities specific gravity of common liquids and fluids like alcohol, oils, benzene, water and many more piping elbows thrust block forces thrust block forces on pipe bends anchor due to liquid velocity and internal pressure online resulting force calculator. Though insoluble in water, they can form an emulsion with water when beaten up with it to form tiny globules in the presence of suitable emulsifying agent. Standard test method for specific gravity of oils and. Specific gravity of diesel fuel oil is recorded at 15. Newer methods use a centrifuge to separate the major layers according to specific gravity. Specialty oils and fats have an increasing number of applications in the food industry, due to growing consumer interest in clean label functional foods and the emerging markets in. Jan 28, 2015 emulsification 22 the specific gravity of oils and fats is about 0.
Density is a state function and for a pure compound depends on both temperature and pressure and is shown by liquid. Usually the weights are compared at the same temperature. The hydrolysis of fats and oils in the presence of a base is used to make soap and is called saponification the hydrolysis of fats and oils in the presence of a base to make soap today most soaps are prepared through the hydrolysis of triglycerides often from tallow, coconut oil, or both using water under high pressure and temperature 700. Eighteen percent of this nonfood uses of oil is for soap.
Moisture content of oils and fats is the loss in mass of the sample on heating at 10510c under operating conditions specified. Properties, processing and applications examines the main specialty oils and fats currently in use in food processing, as well as those with significant potential. The specific gravity and refractive index of pure glycerin at 20 c, respectively is. Oils are liquids at 20c, they contain higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids 5. Analytical methods to evaluate the quality of edible fats and oils. The main difference between fats and oils is the degree of saturation. Specific gravity sg is a dimensionless unit defined for liquids as the ratio of the density of the substance to the density of water at a specified temperature. This book describes the raw materials predominantly employed and the spectrum of processes used today. Specific gravity of transformer oil, where to draw your sample. Specific gravity readings are measured at precise temperatures and pressures, as temperature and pressure can impact the measurements. It is defined as the weight of koh in mg needed to neutralize the organic acids present in 1g of fat and it is a measure of the free fatty acids ffa present in the fat or oil. Animal fats and oils are lipid materials derived from animals. Cc 10a25 surplus specific gravity of oils and liquid fats cc 10b25 specific gravity of solid fats and waxes cc 10c95 determination of mass per unit volume liter weight in air of oils and fats cc 1153 cold test for fats and oils cc 1259 titer test cc a43 color of fats and oils, fac standards comparison methods. Values for significant properties and important lowlevel constituents of nearly 500 fats and oils are provided including the following parameters where available.
Oils are mainly plantderived and are composed of unsaturated fats. Specific gravities of rapeseed and canbra oils springerlink. The oil is put in the hydrometer jar a tall glass vessel and the hydrometer placed in it so that it will float upright. Densities of vegetable oils and fatty acids springerlink. All oils and fats except butter give 900 kilocalories per hundred grams. C weight in gm of specific gravity bottle with water at 30c ref. Manual on oils and fats food safety and standards authority of. Determination of fatty acids in the 2position in the triglycerides of oils and fats. Chemistry and technology of oils fats top results of your surfing chemistry and technology of oils fats start download portable document format pdf and ebooks electronic books free online rating news 20162017 is books that can provide inspiration, insight, knowledge to the reader.
Soap oil is obtained by extraction with a solvent from the cake which remains after the first two pressings. The saturated fatty acids at position 2 means the sum of palmitic 16. It depends on the presence in these oils of specific unusual fatty acids but does not apply to processed oils. Specific gravity, refractive index, iodine and saponification value, titer, and fatty acid, tocopherol, tocotrienol, sterol, and triglyceride composition. The specific gravity is one parameter that can be used to monitor the quality of these products.
Triacylglycerols fats and oils store the majority of the energy in most animals and plants. The specific gravity and density measurements were performed according to american society for testing. Specific gravity and api gravity are both measurements of density. Specific gravity of a liquid is the ratio of the density of the liquid to the density of water at 4 oc. Fats such as beef tallow remain solid or semisolid at room temperature while oils such as olive oil or corn oil are liquid at that temperature. The importance of oils and fats for human nutrition, the animal feed produced from the. More detailed information on the use of some of these oils in specific products is provided in section ix. Oils solidify only at lower temperaturesin a refrigerator, for example. The replacement of these acids with c18 acids increased the specific gravity 25 c25 c from 0.
Accordingly, the actual specific gravity at 25 is determined for 25 oils liquid at 25, while the specific gravity of solid fats is determined at a higher temperature, but expressed as of 25. Lauric oils, with a higher percentage of ester bonds than longer chain oils, have a higher sv 240250 mg kohg for cno compared to 190195 mg kohg for sbo. They both can be used to measure the gravity of a fluid, such as hydraulic oil, in the same way that miles or kilometers can both be used to measure distance. But like the terms dough and batter, when people talk about fats and oils, theyre generally using different words to describe different consistencies. According to simetric, the density of pure water at 4 degree centigrade is considered as the baseline for. It can be spread straight from the fridge, whereas butter can be much harder to spread when cold. Oil is lighter than water due to its lower specific gravity, specific gravity being the density of a fluid relative to water. This test method applies to crude oils with high vapor pressures provided appropriate precautions are taken to prevent. Studies on fatty acids composition and some valuable nutrients of. To pursue food technology without knowing the raw material would mean working in a vacuum. Crude oil is a liquid composite of many hydrocarbon compounds that, depending on the composition, has differing properties such as oil gravity, viscosity, and pourpoint which, at least in part, define the quality of the oil for potential end use and also influence the methods that would be used to develop and produce the oil. Fats and oils are both fats, structurally speaking.
In the metric system specific gravity is the same as in the english system. Determination of the fatty acids in the 2position in the triglycerides of oils and fats. It has a large international membership and publishes a comprehensive book of analytical methods. The specific gravity of diesel fuel oil varies between 0. A two dimensional structural representation of glycerin is provided in figure 1. Physical properties of oil specific gravitythe specific gravity of a substance is a comparison of its density to that of water. Fats and oils are composed of molecules known as triglycerides. Fats and oils cliffsnotes study guides book summaries. Physical and chemical characteristics of oils, fats, and.
Physical and chemical properties of oils, fats, and waxes is a reference tool for the professional responsible for quality, trade, and authenticity of oils and fats. Standard test method for density, relative density, and. Another source could be from rendering plants producing lower quality greases. Particular oils have known ranges of specific gravity in which the oil is considered to be unadulterated and pure. A weight in gm of specific gravity bottle with oil at 30c b weight in gm of specific gravity bottle at 30c c weight in gm of specific gravity bottle with water at 30c ref. It is sensitive to as little as 0,10,2% of cottonseed oil. The sv is effectively used to determine the average relative molecular mass of oils and fats. It merely gives the specific gravity which it would have if it remained iiquid. Flush 24 quarts of waste oil through the sample valve before collecting the sample.
Whale oil is oil obtained from the blubber of whales. So to get the volume, pour the oil into a graduated cylinder or measuring cup same. Difference between fats and oils definition, saturation. Alphabetical index to meet the request from users of the methods published in the 7th edition, an alphabetical index has now been provided to facilitate the location of the methods in section 2 oils and fats. The term specific gravity is used to denote the ratio between the weight of a substance and the weight of an equal volume of water.
Fats and oils foods technology agriculture information. The specific gravity of edible fats and oils such as corn, olive and soybean oils are in. Metal dishes 7 8 cm diameter and 2 3 cm deep provided with tight fitting slip on covers. Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products 1 density, specific gravity, and api gravity density is defined as mass per unit volume of a fluid. New varieties of rapeseed oils grown in canada have bess than 1% erucic cisdocosenoic acid and also a reduction in cis11eicosenoic acid. If you know the specific gravity for a solid or liquid, you can find the density by multiplying the specific gravity by the density of water at 4 degrees celsius. However, two properties are especially useful for quickly classifying and comparing crude oils. Specific gravity is the heaviness of a substance compared to that of water, and it is expressed without units. One third of our total consumption of fats and oils is for nonfood uses. Pocket information manual north american renderers. All the naturally occurring fats and oils have a specific gravity of less than 1. What is the weight specific gravity of oil answers. The specific gravity depends on the particular oil, some are lighter, some heavier. Saponification value an overview sciencedirect topics.
Fats and oils are two types of essential macronutrients made up of chains of fatty acids. Operation of wastewater treatment plants book best answer. They are excellent sources of fat soluble vitamins a, d, e and k. Baking or frying fats are products which meet all of the following conditions a. A weight in gm of specific gravity bottle with oil at 30c. Chemically, both fats and oils are composed of triglycerides. Aug 04, 2018 physical properties of fats and oil 1. The specifications for yellow grease are as follows. Ffa 15% max fac 39 max miu 2% max pesticide residue refer to 1.
The ratio of the weight of a given volume of oil at 20c to the weight of an equal volume of water at 20c. If the insulating fluid specific gravity is less than 1, sample from the bottom. Bulk oils and fats cargo handbook the worlds largest. The acid value av is a common parameter in the specification of fats and oils.
Active standard astm d5355 developed by subcommittee. Ebook chemistry and technology of oils fats as pdf download. Its properties and applications differ from those of. Pdf specific gravity and antibacterial assays of some. The methodology is similar to that currently used in the rule for petroleum oils, but the factors in two new tables are more appropriate for estimating onwater. For gases the specific gravity is related to air specific gravity for common fluids are indicated in the table below. Specific gravity of common liquids and fluids like alcohol, oils, benzene, water and many more. Specific gravity rule of thumb if the specific gravity of an insulating fluid is greater than 1, sample from the top. Supplement have associated with them specific applications of analytical quality control, presented according to the iupac protocol. The baudoin test will identify sesame seed oil by detecting specific compounds in it. In cgs units, the density of water is 1 gcm 3, so the density of the substance in question will equal the specific gravity. B weight in gm of specific gravity bottle at 30c c weight in gm of specific gravity bottle with water at 30c ref. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. Fats that have a high melting point are used for cooking.
It is based on oil refining knowhow and is used for the production of biofuels for diesel engines. Fats are mainly animalderived and are composed of saturated fats. Physical and chemical properties of crude oil and oil products. The back ends of the distillate are usually redistilled, but the back ends from the more fluid oils have been sold as cloth oils. The hydrolysis of fats and oils in the presence of a base is used to make soap and is called. The scale readings for the hydrometer were corrected for the glass expansion by using a glass expansion coefficient of 25.
The american petroleum institute gravity, or api gravity, is a measure of how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. The specific gravity data for crambe and milkweed seed oils. Api gravity a measure of density and sulfur content. Aids in the commercial analysis of oils, fats, and their. Of all the physiochemical properties, the specific gravity has been reported most frequently in the literature. According to the iupac method 1979, 6th edition no. This book acknowledges the importance of fats and oils and surveys todays stateoftheart technology. Determine the specific gravity of a fat or oil as directed in specific gravity a841n. First, lets clear up some potential confusion by defining terms. Standard test method for density, relative density, and api. Physicochemical constants such as the iodine value, the saponification value, the refractive index, the combustion heat, the specific gravity, the neutralization value, the iodinesaponification factor, and the hardness number are up to now the most important and the most often. Weigh in a previously dried and tared dish about 5 10g of oil or fat which. Whale oil from the bowhead whale was sometimes known as train oil, which comes from the dutch word traan tear or drop sperm oil, a special kind of oil obtained from the head cavities of sperm whales, differs chemically from ordinary whale oil. The density of the oils varies with each type and temperature.
The hydrotreating of vegetable oils as well as suitable waste and residue fat fractions to produce hvo is a quite new but already mature commercial scale manufacturing process. Its time to take a brief tour of the structure of fats. Fats and oils can participate in a variety of chemical reactionsfor example, because triglycerides are esters, they can be hydrolyzed in the presence of an acid, a base, or specific enzymes known as lipases. The oil is put in the hydrometer jar a tall glass vessel and the hydrometer placed in. The properties of mixtures of the oils also are considered, especially mixtures of palm and palm kernel oils in which a eutectic interaction occurs. Using the format previously developed for the first edition for plant derived oils and fats and animal fats, separate sections are retained for physical properties, fatty acid composition, sterols, tocopherols, tocotrienols, and triglyceride patterns. Animal fats include but are not limited to fats, oils, and greases of animal origin for example, lard and tallow, fish for example, cod liver oil, or marine mammal origin for example, whale oil. The revised rule provides a more specific methodology for calculating planning volumes for a worst case discharge of animal fats and vegetable oils. Start studying operation of wastewater treatment plants book best answer. In this 2nd edition of physical and chemical characteristics of oils, fats, and waxes, the number of entries has increased by almost 30%. For example, if the specific gravity of water is 1. Oils, pycnometer method isi hand book of food analysis part xiii 1984, page. The fats and oils most frequently used in north america for food preparation and as ingredients include soybean, canola, palm, cottonseed, olive, coconut, peanut, lard, beef tallow, butterfat, sunflower, corn, palm kernel, and safflower.
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